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TEACHING PHARMACOLOGY IN KAZAKHSTAN

After the disintegration of the USSR and formation of the independent Republic of Kazakhstan a great number of previously unknown drugs is available. We are occupied with the sale of drugs in Kazakhstan and we have observed that the range of drugs at the doctor's disposal has increased greatly. This has raised new objectives in the teaching and practice of clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. The purpose of our letter is to bring the teaching content and teaching methods of these disciplines in Kazakhstan into conformity with the international level.

The students of the pharmaceutical faculty study for 5 years (courses). The students studying for the professions of �Pharmacist of common practice� and �Pharmacist-manager� study pharmacology at the 3rd�4th courses. The students studying for the profession of �Technologist of pharmaceutical production� study pharmacology with the basis of pathology at the 4th course. The students of the other faculties (medicine, pediatrics, stomatology etc.) who study for 5�6 years, study pharmacology at the 3rd course. Coupled with pharmacology the students earn the rules of writing prescriptions and the rules of distribution from drug-stores.

We worked out a new pharmacology teaching program, ap proved by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Public Health of Kazakhstan.¹ In this program the aims and objectives of teaching pharmacology were defined more exactly. For the first time in Kazakhstan in the general pharmacology course we introduced information about �The List of Essential Drugs�, OTC-drugs, International Non-proprietary Name (INN) and Trade Name of the drug, and about pro-drugs. We suggested introduction of the principles of pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoeconomics, standards of treatment, evidence-based medicine (Cochrane collaboration) in teaching pharmacology.

For the first time in Kazakhstan the choice of drugs for teaching pharmacology was made in conformity with �The List of Essential Drugs for Kazakhstan�, in the compilation of which we took part.² We teach using the INN, which was not done previously in Kazakhstan but we agree that the students also should know the trade names of the drugs most widespread in Kaza khstan.

In teaching about chemotherapeutic drugs we pay attention to explanation of the problem of microorganisms resistance, the reasons for resistance and the ways of overcoming it. We introduced the notion of �-lactamase inhibitors and the drugs that contain them and also the notion of DOTC in teaching antituberculous drugs. We introduced information about anti-AIDS drugs (Zidovudine, Ganciclovire, Famciclovire, Foscarnet) in teaching antiviral drugs.³ In teaching oncological drugs we introduced the principle of radiosensibilizators (Metronidazole). The students' attention is drawn to the adverse effects of the drugs (e.g. intoxication with microorganism swarms, obstruction of the biliary tree and gastrointestinal tract with helminths, etc.). We recommend all then innovations in teaching for the students of all faculties.

The students of all faculties (with the exception of pharmaceutic) study methods of medicinal treatment in the course of basic pharmacology, therapeutics, the clinical disciplines and clinical pharmacology. The students of the pharmaceutical faculty study the methods of medicinal treatment in the course of basic pharmacology, pharmacognosy and pharmacotherapeutics. We defined more precisely the aims and objectives of teaching pharmacotherapeutics for the students of the pharmaceutical faculty.

The aims of teaching pharmacotherapeutics are as follows:

� Skill in choosing the most effective and safe drugs (and their combinations) for curing the main diseases and syndromes taking into account the clinical state and the individual patient's peculiarities;

� Skill in consulting patients, taking into account the rules of taking drugs;

� Skill in consulting doctors, keeping to the rules of choosing drugs for curing the main diseases and syndromes and the rules of their application.

We defined more exactly the list of diseases studied in the course of pharmacotherapeutics, which are the most important pathological conditions encountered in Kazakhstan. For teaching we have introduced multimedia computer programs and Internet technology. We'll be glad to receive your remarks and suggestions about cooperation.

P.Kh. Popadopulos, N.Zh. Ormanov
Pharmacological and Pharmacotherapeutic Department
South Kazakhstan State Medical Academy
[email protected], [email protected]

REFERENCES

ORMANOV NZH, POPADOPULOS PKH, KUDABAYEV AK. Pharmacology Teaching Program for students of pharmaceutical faculties of higher medical education at the professions �Pharmacist of common practice� and �Pharmacist-manager� (in Russian). Shymkent, South Kaza khstan State Medical Academy, 1998:82

AKANOV AA, DZHANABAYEV DD, ZELTSER MT, BEKIROV SB, POPADOPULOS PKH, NURGOZHIN TS ET AL. List of Essential Drugs for Republic of Kazakhstan. Approved by Ministry of Education, Culture and Public Health of Kazakhstan; Decree N 30; 1998 Dec 30; Almaty (on Rus sian). Almaty: Ministry of Education, Culture and Public Health of Kazakhstan, 1998:17

ORMANOV NZH, POPADOPULOS PKH, VICTORENKO SN. Drugs in the Course of Pharmacology: Classification and nomenclature (on Russian). Shymkent, South Kazakhstan State Medical Academy, 1999: 59

� 2000, ��